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Infekční mastitidy skotu a jejich současná problematika
Pavezová, Natálie
The topic of the bachelor thesis is infectious mastitis of cattle and their current problems. The anatomy of the mammary gland itself, classification of mastitis, selected pathogens causing infectious mastitis and their prevention and treatment are described. Mastitis, or inflammation of the mammary gland, currently represents one of the greatest risks to dairy cattle producers. It is a major cause of economic losses in the dairy industry as milk quality is poor and production is reduced. The disease is influenced by many factors, both environmental factors, which are mainly caused by the environment such as dirty bedding, and infectious factors, where the infection occurs mainly in the parlour. The result of this work is therefore a review of significant infectious mastitis, both in terms of prevention, treatment and control. It is most important to focus on the prevention of this disease, as it is better than treatment alone, which can have fatal consequences.
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Zhodnocení výskytu environmentálních mastitid ve vybraném chovu dojného skotu
BÍLÝ, David
Mastitis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cattle worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of environmental mastitis and the economic impact of mastitis in a selected dairy cattle farm for the period 2019-2022. A total of 596 cases of mastitis were diagnosed, of which 78% were environmental mastitis. While the number of cases of contagious mastitis decreased over the period under review (from 36 % to 6 %), the number of environmental mastitis cases followed the opposite trend. The economic cost per dairy cow ranged from CZK 2 134 to CZK 4 527. The largest item was the loss of milk from treated dairy cows.
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Evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of mastitis using on-farm cultivation
KRATOCHVÍL, Martin
Mastitis is one of the most expensive diseases of dairy cattle and their treatment is also the most common cause of antibiotic use on a farm. Farm cultivation is currently one of the ways to improve the decision-making process in the treatment of mastitis. The aim of the diploma thesis was to evaluate the treatment procedures using farm cultivation and to make an economic evaluation of mastitis on a selected farm of dairy cattle.The experimental observation of a herd of dairy black-spotted Holstein cattle to assess the treatment of mastitis took place in two monitoring periods: without farm cultivation (BFK); with farm cultivation (SFK). A significant difference in the number of cured cases and cases of reinfections was found between the observed periods. While 60.6% of mastitis cases were cured during the BFK period and 30.4% of cases were reinfected, in the SFK period 87.1% of dairy cows were healed and only 12.9% of them were reinfected. The total financial costs associated with mastitis were almost the same in both periods. The highest item was milk losses. It can be positively assessed that the involvement of farm cultivation did not significantly increase the costs associated with the treatment of mastitis. The introduction of a farm cultivation system into an antimastitis program had a very positive effect on the effectiveness of the treatment performed on the monitored farm. The main benefit was a significant reduction in the number of reinfections and an increase in the number of successfully cured dairy cows, while maintaining almost the same treatment costs.
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Characterization of the distribution and dynamics of the antigen-presenting cells using MHC II-EGFP knock-in mouse model
Pačes, Jan ; Černý, Jan (advisor) ; Tlaskalová - Hogenová, Helena (referee)
Results of recent studies indicate that dendritic cells are capable of transporting commensal intestinal bacteria into the mammary glands, which ultimately leads to their occurrence in breast milk. We have therefore decided to evaluate the phenotype of immunologically relevant antigen presenting cells (APCs) present in the mammary glands and the small intestine, respectively and perform a comparison study. We also studied plasticity of these populations during lactation. In situ immunodetection and flow cytometry methods were used to determine phenotype. We succeeded in optimising the methods for preparation of samples for flow cytometry and microscopy. We thoroughly tested protocols for 3D visualisation of APC populations and quantitative image analysis for correlation with flow cytometry, further optimization is nevertheless needed. We found out that during lactation large numbers of MHC II+ cells cluster around the alveoli and milk ducts. These cells are of a distinctly dendritic shape and their phenotype does not correspond to the APCs in the surrounding tissue. A pronounced increase of APC cells in the mammary glands between the fourth and sixth days of lactation was observed, with the majority of these cells expressing the CD103 antigen typical for cell populations of immune cells of the...
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The use of immunohistochemistry for the examination of mammary gland biopsy.
MACHÁČOVÁ, Dominika
Background: Tumours of the breast are the most common tumours in the female population of the Czech Republic. Improvements in early diagnosis and therapy have led to gradual reduction of mortality with an increasing incidence of this disease. Aims: The aim of this study was to find out the significance of imunohistochemistry in diagnostics of tumours of the breast. Materials and methods: A total of 22 cases of malignant neoplasm of the breast were included in our study. Twenty two core-cut biopsies and twenty one resected specimens were eximined. Imunohistochemical staining with a total of 5 markers was performed - oestrogen and progesterone receptors, HER2, Ki-67, E-cadherin. In 9 cases, imunohistochemical examination in the resection specimens was also performed. The results of manual imunohistochemical staining and staining performed on autostainer Ventana Benchmark were compared. Results: The most frequent histologic subtype was invasive carcinoma of no special type in fourteen of cases, followed by four cases of invasive lobular carcinoma, two cases of atypical medullary carcinoma, one case of mixed (invasive carcinoma of no special type and invasive lobular carcinoma) carcinoma and one case of metaplastic carcinoma. In one case, a different diagnosis was made - invasive carcinoma of no special type was diagnosed in the core-cut biopsy while metaplastic carcinoma was diagnosed in the resected specimen. The expression of both oestrogen and progesterone receptors was variable. It ranged between 10-100 % (on average 81,9 % and 38,8 % respectively). Oestrogen receptors were found in 18 of cases while progesterone receptors were found in 16 of cases. The Ki-67 expression ranged between 2 and 40 % (on average 16,5 %); higher Ki-67 values ( 20 %) were found in tumours with loss of oestrogen and/or progesterone receptor expression and in poorly differentiated tumours. None of the cases was determinated as HER2 positive; a score 0 was used in 12 of the cases and a score 1+ in 10 of the cases. Conclusion: When comparing manual imunohistochemical staining staining with staining performed on the autostainer Ventana Benchmark very similar results were obtained.
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Využití kultivačních metod v diagnostice zánětů mléčné žlázy ve vybraném chovu dojnic
ULMOVÁ, Kateřina
The goal of my thesis was to evaluate origin of mastisis diseases and specify the best way to cure this disease with antibiotics. Secondary goal was to examin origin of things that cause these diseases, efficiency of the cure and how it is influenced by the stage of the illness. This research was made in cowshed, fron april to december 2018 with 136 specimen. During this period I took samples of milk, that had more than 800 000 somatic cells in 1ml of milk. Based of possitve NK test, samples of mammary gland were taken and cultivated on one used only Petri dish. Depending of the origin of the infection, the proper atibitics were chosen for the cure. After 7 to 14 days after antibiotics treatment, milk sample was taken from the cured part od mammary gland and It was tested to see, if the treatment was successful. 77% of the specimen were sick because of microorganisms and most of the specimen were afflicted the most during 1st lactation (36.8% to 47.1%). Following microorganisms caused mastisis - Staphylococcus spp. (KNS), Streptococcus uberis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Candida rugosa a Enterococcus faecalis. 36% of mastisis was caused by Staphylococcus spp. (KNS), followed by coliform bacteria (22%). 17% of mastisis was caused by Streptococcus uberis. 10.5% of specimen was infected by Enterococcus faecalis. Candida rugosa was found in 7.4% of the samples and in 9.5% of samples the diseasehad no specific microorganism responsible. From 105 infected cows, 68% of them fully recovered. At the end, based on the stage of the mastisis, efectivness of the treatmend was statistically evaluated. The evaluation showed, that stage of infection massively influence the result of the treatment.
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Characterization of the distribution and dynamics of the antigen-presenting cells using MHC II-EGFP knock-in mouse model
Pačes, Jan ; Černý, Jan (advisor) ; Tlaskalová - Hogenová, Helena (referee)
Results of recent studies indicate that dendritic cells are capable of transporting commensal intestinal bacteria into the mammary glands, which ultimately leads to their occurrence in breast milk. We have therefore decided to evaluate the phenotype of immunologically relevant antigen presenting cells (APCs) present in the mammary glands and the small intestine, respectively and perform a comparison study. We also studied plasticity of these populations during lactation. In situ immunodetection and flow cytometry methods were used to determine phenotype. We succeeded in optimising the methods for preparation of samples for flow cytometry and microscopy. We thoroughly tested protocols for 3D visualisation of APC populations and quantitative image analysis for correlation with flow cytometry, further optimization is nevertheless needed. We found out that during lactation large numbers of MHC II+ cells cluster around the alveoli and milk ducts. These cells are of a distinctly dendritic shape and their phenotype does not correspond to the APCs in the surrounding tissue. A pronounced increase of APC cells in the mammary glands between the fourth and sixth days of lactation was observed, with the majority of these cells expressing the CD103 antigen typical for cell populations of immune cells of the...
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The issue of breastfeeding on newborn intensive care unit.
Skuhrová, Kateřina ; Kulhavá, Miluše (advisor) ; Heczková, Jana (referee)
v anglickém jazyce This bachelor thesis examines the topic of breastfeeding in newborn intensive care units (ICUs). Breastfeeding and feeding babies with mother's milk is one of the best and the most natural ways of nutrition after birth. It is irreplaceable and, at the same time, very convenient for the baby and the mother. The thesis focuses on the problem of separating mothers from their babies after birth when the newborns are hospitalized in an ICU. The newborns therefore cannot be in constant contact with their mothers and thus cannot be regularly breastfed. The thesis comprises a theoretical and an empirical part. In the first chapter of the theoretical part of the thesis, I describe the anatomy of the mammary gland, lactation physiology and the composition of mother's milk. The next chapter pays a great deal of attention to the issues related to newborn ICUs where not only prematurely born children are placed, but also children with worsened afterbirth adaptation, hypoxia, infections, various genetic defects and children of drug-addicted mothers. The last chapter is dedicated to the significance and benefits of breastfeeding, pumping and storing mother's milk, and alternative ways of feeding newborns in ICUs. The last part of this chapter addresses the Lactation League, lactation...
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Midwife education on the prevention of breast cancer
SAMCOVÁ, Kateřina
Bachelor thesis deals with the role of midwife in education about the prevention of breast cancer, which is necessary. This thesis is focused on all types of prevention, from primary to quaternary. The greatest emphasis is placed on primary and secondary prevention. Primary prevention mainly consists of the healthy lifestyle, elimination of risk factors, posibility of genetic testing and chemoprevention for high-risk women, etc. Secondary prevention is focused on the search for women with a risk of developing breast cancer. The best known methods are mammographic screening, ultrasound examination or breast self-examination. The objective of mentioned options is to detect the cancer disease in the stage, when is possible the most effective treatment with the greatest chance of a complete healing. The task of the midwife is on the basis of their knowledge to educate women about the disease itself, but also about preventive options. Midwife has to follow the principles of proper management during this education. The most important thing is to established friendly and trustful relationship in a peaceful environment. The essential task of the midwife is to motivate a "woman" to be really interested in her health condition and convince her to not underestimate prevention of this disease. The objective of this thesis was to investigate how women evaluate the education from midwife about the prevention of breast cancer. The research was conducted on the basis of a qualitative survey using techniques of interviews. The examined group was based on 8 women in age from 18 to 70 years. All the interviews were made anonymously with the preservation of their privacy. With the agreement of respondents were all interviews recorded on tape, transcribed and subsequently analyzed by the method of "pencil paper". The results were processed into three main categories, which were further divided into subcategories. The first question of research was adressed to how are women educated about the prevention of breast cancer. None of the respondents has never been educated from midwife, like the main source of information were described doctors or internet. The second question of research examined which information are received by women from midwives. It was found that none of the respondents were never been educated and it means that they never received any information. Most of women would really appreciate the information from midwife, specially about self-examination of the breast. The third question of research was dedicated to the preview of women on the prevention of breast cancer. Each of the respondents has same opinion that prevention is really important. Most of them are trying to follow it, but in fact insufficiently. The results of research revealed that women should be more educated by midwives about preventive possibilities, especially in self-examination of the breast. This examination is performed by most of the respondents, but not always in the right way. The research work shows that women are unsufficiently informed from the side of midwife. For this reason it is necessary to motivate midwives to educate their patients about the prevention of breast cancer. Mentioned information would be really appreciated by respondents, particularly about the self-examination of the breast. Based on the results of this research was created information leaflet for women about self-examination of the breast. These instructions should help them to perform self-examination correctly.
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Selected welfare parameters of milk cows in relation to milking by a robot.
PRŮŠA, Jan
The aim of this work was to gather and evaluate the evidence about the behaviour of dairy cows during the milking by a robot (including physiological reactions running after the milking). The following parameters were observed: number of milking per 24 hours, the time from onset to the robot and the teat cup deployment, the time between milking, the total time of milking, milk yield with each milking, average and total milk yield per day. The results were measured separately in heifers and in cows on the second and subsequent lactations. In the same time, there was also observed the behaviour of cows after leaving the milking robot - feed and water intake, physical activity and the rest for the time of 30 minutes after the milking. Simultaneously, there was also observed the effect of milking technology for the health of the cows, focused on diseases of the mammary gland. There were three ethologic observations which always lasted 24 hours. In addition to the observed data, there were evaluated the data records obtained from the milking machine (e. g. milk yield per one milking, the interval between single milkings, etc.). There were observed an average of 60 pieces of cows. Throughout the watching the cows in the barn behaved calmly and contentedly. They came to the milking machine spontaneously, only a few cases had to be herded for milking by the caregiver. However, they were all the heifers which did not have the sufficient experience with the milking. The counting of teat cup deployment attempts had to be abandoned because of the close proximity of the observer at the milking robot. In this case, the cows were not quiet and did not want to go in the robot spontaneously. The mammary gland disease was diagnosed at an average of 6.9 pieces of milked cows per one month. This high number of cases is ascribed to a poor hygiene of the stables and a poorer quality of feeding. This work was created in cooperation with the grants NAZV QJ1210144 and NAZV QJ1530058.
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